Original Meaning and State Constitutional Rights to Keep and Bear Arms:

A very interesting exchange in an Alaska Court of Appeals decision, having to do with whether nonviolent felons have the right to bear arms under the Alaska Constitution's right to bear arms provision, which was most recently amended in 1994. Thanks to Steven Wells for the pointer.

Oren:
Scalia's dicta have significant weight (much like the man himself).
5.22.2009 5:01pm
Lior:
The dissent seems to have the better argument: claiming that a constitutional amendment means "what the voters intended it to mean", and then defining voter intent according to an explanatory pamphlet distributed to the voters is a very strange exercise.
5.22.2009 5:04pm
cboldt (mail):
The dissent is interesting, I think correct, but it's also the losing side, and therefore "not law."
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I found it interesting that no Court uses strict scrutiny to evaluate a firearms prohibition or regulation.
5.22.2009 5:07pm
rosetta's stones:

Thus, this Court was wrong when we declared in Gibson that “the [legislative] history of the [1994] amendment contains no indications” that anyone thought that the amendment would cast constitutional doubt on Alaska’s existing firearms laws, or that the amendment would bar the legislature from enacting reasonable firearms laws. Gibson, 930 P.2d at 1302.


So, the courts misinterpreted the intent of the legislative debate, used that misinterpretation as a part of a decision, and is now refusing to do more than say "oh well, we screwed up, so sue us"?




In other words, it was wrong (as a legal matter) for this Court in Gibson to rely on the predictions contained in the election pamphlet statement as a justification for interpreting the 1994 amendment to allow the legislature to enact “reasonable” firearms laws. Rather, it was — and is — our duty to apply the “compelling state interest” test to firearms laws, as the drafters of the 1994 amendment intended.


So, not only did the court misinterpret the legislative debate, they used frickin campaign literature to inform them of the intent of the amendment?
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And here we quote one of the black robed fascists, letting us know where we stand, citizens:



But there is no indication that the voters who approved the amendment to the constitution were privy to the proceedings before the legislature, or if they were, that they would understand the significance of adopting that standard of review.
5.22.2009 5:12pm
rosetta's stones:
All those bleating about some pressing need for "empathy" in judges, should take a look at that final quote. Forget empathy, I'd settle for a judge that doesn't squat down and stool onto the citizenry.

And is also stupid enough to wipe it into his written opinion.
5.22.2009 5:39pm
J. Aldridge:
Up until Alaska became a state a long time federal act that said you could not import or carry any kind of firearm within Alaska.
5.22.2009 6:13pm
Matthew Carberry (mail):
The dissent mentioned Rep. Kelly by name. When this is brought to his attention (as I'm sure it already has been) this issue may be readdressed by the Legislature.

Unintended consequences indeed.
5.22.2009 6:31pm
Kent Scheidegger (mail) (www):
The majority is correct. The original understanding of the enacting authority, the people, is what counts when construing a constitution, and what the proponents told them they were voting for is among the most reliable indicators. It doesn't matter what the legislators thought. They are not the enacting authority.
5.22.2009 6:45pm
metro1 (mail) (www):
The first principle of statutory construction is to give the words their plain meaning. If there is no ambiguity in the words, that's the end of the inquiry.

So, the dissent is correct. The tortured manner by which the majority refuses to give the Constitutional provision its plain meaning is sophism at its worst.

Are we to abandon statutes' and Constitutional provisions' plain meaning from their text - and hunt for their true meaning in pamphlets generated during legislative debates?

I hope not.
5.22.2009 6:54pm
cboldt (mail):
-- Up until Alaska became a state a long time federal act that said you could not import or carry any kind of firearm within Alaska. --
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That is an interesting proposition. I don't know if the below case is dispositive, in that perhaps different law overtook this decision.
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In the act of congress of July 27, 1868, the president is authorized to restrict, regulate, or prohibit the importation and use of fire-arms, ammunition, and distilled liquors into and within the territory of Alaska. ...
It will be observed that fire-arms and ammunition, as prohibited commerce in section 1955 of the act of 1868, are omitted in section 14 of the act of May, 1884; thus, by clear implication, repealing section 1955 so far only as prohibiting the importation and use of firearms and ammunition. US v. Nelson, 29 F1d 202 (D. Alaska. 1886)
5.22.2009 7:03pm
Kent Scheidegger (mail) (www):
Rights, including the rights to life and liberty, can be lost by committing a crime. The text of this provision does not say, plainly or otherwise, that the right to bear arms is an exception.
5.22.2009 7:07pm
cboldt (mail):
-- It doesn't matter what the legislators thought. They are not the enacting authority. --
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The Alaska Supreme Court has avoided saying what you just did. As it stands, the Court says that the legislature and the people had the same understanding as to the constitutional amendment. This assumption precludes addressing the approach to be used when the legislative and popular understandings differ.
5.22.2009 7:18pm
AJK:

The majority is correct. The original understanding of the enacting authority, the people, is what counts when construing a constitution, and what the proponents told them they were voting for is among the most reliable indicators. It doesn't matter what the legislators thought. They are not the enacting authority.


Actually, I think that's wrong. The way it seems to work is: the legislature proposes an amendment, which the people can then either accept or reject. There's no ability for the people the modify the amdendment after it's been proposed.

(I'm not an expert on Alaskan constitutional procedures, but that's how it was presented in the dissent, and I didn't notice any disputes.)
5.22.2009 7:22pm
Tom952 (mail):
Given that Mannheimer's dissent was so thorough and convincing, and not rebutted, I do not understand why he failed to muster support from at least one of the other two justices.
5.22.2009 9:07pm
Lior:
Mr. Scheidegger: I don't know anything about Alaskan constitutional law, but the dissent does argue that the enacting authority in Alaska is the legislature, not the people. In any case, having the text of a pamphlet distributed to the voters be the main indication of what the voters intended is absurd. Both the legislature and the people voted in favour of the text of the amendment; no votes were taken on the text in the pamphlet.
5.22.2009 10:04pm
Allan Walstad (mail):
A constitutional right to bear arms ought to limit the legislature's imposition of a gun ban on felons in roughly the way that Wilson was claiming. Would a blanket ban on felons' freedom of speech be permissible? Or on freedom of religion, or protection from self-incrimination? Seems doubtful to me. Yes, criminals forfeit rights, but not just willy-nilly. There has to be a rationale, doesn't there? Obviously the rationale for denying felons the right to bear arms has to do with the likelihood of their misusing them and being a menace to others. But Wilson's unemployment benefit fraud seems unlikely to mark him as a danger to public safety. So denying him access to the means of self-defense should not pass scrutiny in the context of a constitutionally enumerated individual right. Or so it would seem to me.
5.22.2009 11:37pm
zippypinhead:
The majority holding is consistent with the dicta in Heller, and with the Federal Courts that have consistently upheld felon-in-possession and the other prohibitions in 18 U.S.C. §922(2) since that decision (Professor Volokh has collected some of these cases in earlier posts). Given that Heller has now clarified that the Second Amendment, like the 1994 amendment to the Alaska Constitution, recognizes an individual RKBA, it is not irrational to interpret the state and Federal provisions consistently.

Although the dissent does raise some interesting questions about the standard of review that will eventually also have to be hashed out in the Second Amendment context. Then again, my favorite professor in law school (a well-known liberal Constitutional criminal procedure expert) once remarked, only half in jest, that "real men don't read dissents!"
5.23.2009 3:16am
zippypinhead:
correction to above post: It's §922(g) [not "(2)"] that specifies prohibited persons such as felons under Federal law - it's getting late and this pinhead's keyboard coordination is obviously dropping. Sorry...
5.23.2009 3:33am
David M. Nieporent (www):
Mr. Scheidegger: I don't know anything about Alaskan constitutional law, but the dissent does argue that the enacting authority in Alaska is the legislature, not the people. In any case, having the text of a pamphlet distributed to the voters be the main indication of what the voters intended is absurd. Both the legislature and the people voted in favour of the text of the amendment; no votes were taken on the text in the pamphlet.
It's not at all "absurd," actually. Originalism has long since moved past the notion of "intent" to the notion of understanding. And the pamphlet would certainly be evidence of what the voters understood the law to mean at the time they enacted it.
5.23.2009 6:50am
AJK:

Rights, including the rights to life and liberty, can be lost by committing a crime. The text of this provision does not say, plainly or otherwise, that the right to bear arms is an exception.


You'll notice that the dissent isn't claiming that the law should be overturned, only arguing that a different standard of review is required.
5.23.2009 10:01am
devil's advocate (mail):

Rights, including the rights to life and liberty, can be lost by committing a crime. The text of this provision does not say, plainly or otherwise, that the right to bear arms is an exception.


I think this within the ambit of the rebriefing proposed in the dissent. Felons lose the franchise both during and following the actual service of some sentence of punishment or probation.

Whether the loss of such rights, essentially as punishment or deterrence, is constitutional is an interesting question, but certianly not precluded by the dissent argument.

As to Heller's dicta regarding its disaffect on felon in possession laws, I think these provisions were likely loosely presumed to represent the very kind of provision that would pass strict scutiny, but without briefing and focus on the narrow question it certainly can't be construed as having been decided - or even significantly portended by Heller.

Rather it does seem that the court took pains to suggest that it wasn't implying a result on the application of the individual right it found to the substance of provisions other than the complete ban at issue (or for that matter to the question of incorporation against the states).

Still, seeing how this dicta has been read a more circumspect or subtle approach seems to have been merited. One wonders whether this was loose lips sinking ships or the judicial equivalent of the Alaska phamplet designed to invite other votes (i.e. the swing vote) in Heller.

Finally, the narrow application of original meaning in Gibson seems particularly annoying. I think it fair to say that a degree of weight can be afforded to the authority of the proponent statement in terms of public understanding, but to act as if it is definitive upon its own seems the worst kind of convenience. If the contention equates to dissents logical argument that many people voted for the amendment because they thought the proponent statement was wrong, the only remaining arguments is that the proponent statement (in the context of other significant public discourse which seems all but ignored) swayed the swing votes or quite possibly did so.

But there is no reason to assume that voters disinclined to displace existing law and thus worried about how the amendment would be interpreted would not read the opponents statement that directly contradicted it. It seems that voters would have had to reconcile these conflicting views in voting and could not rely on the ballot statement as authoritative. So the sense that there was some dispositive portion of the electorate that imagined "reasonable" regulation of firearms to be protected under the amendment does not seem particularly plausible.

One other area of historical inquiry might be to track the legislative history, ballot language, and public discourse of other constitutional amendments to garner the reliance interests.

I do think the question of the adopting authority is open and interesting. Although the legislative debate is a significant context, the public meaning seems to carry the force of intent. So the question of what a citizen might have thought the amendment meant is relevant, but that Gibson court gave short shrift to that question even while effectively saying it was controlling. I think where a provision is voted up or down by the citizenry, they are the adopting authority, vs. the adoption of US constitutional amendments that are ratified by super majority of the states.


Brian
5.25.2009 7:31am

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