Led Astray By Context:
I'm looking for examples of how people have learned a new word or phrase from context -- but learned it incorrectly, either (most amusingly) because they interpreted an ambiguous term the wrong way, or (probably more commonly) because they didn't learn an important limitation or qualification that just wasn't raised by this particular context.
Can any of you contribute such examples from your own history, or that of your friends -- preferably funny examples? I'd like to use some such examples as cautionary tales in something I'm writing, but for some reason none come to my mind right now (even though I'm sure this has happened to me in the past). Please post the examples in the comments. Thanks!
Many of the sentences from Harpers are not what what you're looking for ("The cause of dew is the earth revolving on its own axis and perspiring freely.") but some might be useful ("Dinosaurs used to smell bad, but they don't anymore because they are extinct.").
For the longest time, I thought that hoi polloi referred to the elite, upper crust of people (after all, it is a foreign and therefore hoity-toity sounding word).
I had thought the same and for the same reasons.
I was supervising two of the girls, seventeen or eighteen year olds. Within close ear-shot of me, one was telling the other of her recent visit to the dentist. "He (the dentist) put this soft thing in my mouth to get the imprint of my teeth, and then he told me to masturbate." Of course she meant masticate. I had to pretend I had not heard.
During my freshman year of college I took a history of philosophy course in which we read Berkeley's Dialogues. Somewhere in there was the word "obviate" which I had never seen before. Rather than looking it up, I guessed from the context and the spelling that it meant "to make obvious."
I then used the word in that sense in the next paper I wrote for that class. The professor's comment in the margin: "This is NOT ENGLISH!!!"
The first time I ate in a British restaurant, I was corrected about the napkin-serviette distinction as follows: Serviette was the generic term for any sort of towel, either paper or cloth; napkins were what women used once a month.
(Fortunately, I guess, few people in San Diego use that phrase.)
Well, there was one passage in which he used a number of terms, all vaguely disparaging, to (in the narrator's voice) describe a character. One of them was "pimp". Since I recognized a number of the other terms as being "merely" insulting, I figured this one was as well.
So I used it when I was irritated at a slightly older boy (I think I was 12 and he was 14). He clued me in to the connection with the prostitution industry, to my embarassment.
I think you'd find a different explanation today, since "pimp" and "pimpin'" are compliments.
Not really what Eugene needs, though . . .
"Striker?! I hardly know her!"
1. Like many other people I guess, I frequently used the word "disinterested" in my writing to mean the same as "uninterested," until about 10 years ago I was corrected by a friend who gave me the correct definition of "disinterested" as "neutral" or "impartial."
2. When I was a kid I always thought "virgin" was term to describe a religious or holy person (i.e., "Virgin Mary.") In 4th grade we had an assignment to generate sentences that incorporated the spellings of U.S. states in the sequence of letter in the sentence, such as "This is the MAIN Entry to my house." So I put, "Is she a VIRGIN, I Asked," prompting my teacher to ask me whether I knew what the word really meant, then providing me with the awkward explanation when it was clear I did not.
BTW, if the person who said that is reading this thread, don't be too embarrassed. I don't actually remember who said this. I just remember the comment itself.
Philip Marlowe liked to work contemporary prison slang into his "hard-boiled dick" stories, partly for an air of authenticity, and partly to put one over on zealous editors. A gunsel is, according to my favorite (albeit bombastic and circumlocutionary) definition, Depression-era American prison slang for "a young man kept by an older man for purposes of pederasty." The context in "Maltese Falcon" certainly makes that plausible, if you recall the Joel Cairo character.
Since I mentioned "torpedo," people generally interpret that incorrectly, too. It is Latin for "numbness." In crime fiction-speak, it means "stupid" - same root as "torpor," "torpid." Not inappropriate when applied to a thug.
A friend who learned English while growing up in Sweden told me he had no language problems when he came to the US, except that when he saw a sign that said "ped xing" he had no idea what it meant, and just assumed he was in a Chinese part of town.
"Penultimate" doesn't mean really really ultimate; it means, basically, second-most.
If you're "ambivalent" about something, it doesn't mean you don't care about it; more properly, it means you're conflicted, or torn.
- AJ
"Xing" is coincidently the Romanization for a Chinese word meaning, among various other things, "to walk," making it especially apt in this case.
As for symbols being misunderstood, before hitting the 1st grade, I thought the thing that I would later learn was a map of the US was the symbol for "weather."
As kids we used to picture deer making x's in the snow with their hooves and wondered why anyone would put up a sign to acknowledge it...
So, when I told my mother that I wanted to become a "secular" priest (meaning diocesan as opposed to an order), she looked at me very strangely, and I did not know why until many years later.
Historically, flammable and inflammable mean the same thing. However, the presence of the prefix in- has misled many people into assuming that inflammable means “not flammable” or “noncombustible.” The prefix -in in inflammable is not, however, the Latin negative prefix -in, which is related to the English -un and appears in such words as indecent and inglorious. Rather, this -in is an intensive prefix derived from the Latin preposition in. This prefix also appears in the word enflame. But many people are not aware of this derivation, and for clarity's sake it is advisable to use only flammable to give warnings.
(From Knight Ridder)
The oft misused Spanish term "mano a mano" does NOT mean "man to man", but "hand to hand".
I mentioned to a friend a while back that I was feeling "a bit peckish'. (My years in Britain were showing.) He looked puzzed, and asked why. "I haven't eaten for a while," I replied. "What does that have to do with it?" he asked.... This ended with his explaining that based upon his experience watching British television programming, he thought "peckish" meant "arrogant". (Apparently, British television stars seem a bit haughty as they announce their intention to have a snack.)
When she was asked, don't you mean "immanent" she replied, no, she did not mean EMINENT, and wrote that word on the board as well, just so.
The first time she visited Germany, my wife -- like innumerable tourists before her -- was nonplussed to observe that seemingly every autobahn exit led to the town of Ausfahrt. She finally asked a friend who spoke fluent German, "if this Ausfahrt place is so big, why haven't I heard of it?" (Explanation here, for those who don't know the punch line.)
And long before I met her, my wife had a boyfriend who thought that "nonplussed" meant angry or upset.
Oh, and Senor Chumbawumba, "celibacy" doesn't mean what you think it does either. "Chastity" means not having sex; "celibacy" means not being married. RC priests are expected to be both celibate and chaste. Nowadays, lots of people are celibate without being in the least chaste.
And poking around on the net, it appears that Hammett liked to have fun with his editors. This webpage recounts a story of Hammett including a seemingly dirty phrase for the sole purpose of having his editor misinterpret the meaning of the phrase and edit it out.
Enormity: Has a very natural (mis)interpretation that is at odds with its more usual connotation. For example, there is a Forest Service interpretive site in Metaline Falls WA praising the industry of early settlers for the enormity of some construction projecct they had completed.
I hope I get proper credit for appropriate use of the word "epicenter."
Lois: It's great they picked your theme, but isn't it a little esoteric?
Peter: Esoteric?
[zoom in to the guys in Peter's brain]
Guy1: Could it mean sexy?
Guy2: I think it's a science term.
Guy3: Fellas, fellas! Esoteric means delicious!
[back to the real world]
Peter: Lois, Who's the Boss is not a food.
Brian: Swing and a miss.
Midway through a backpacking-across-Europe trip, my friend and I found ourselves unexpectedly in Verona, Italy, on very little sleep. Since we hadn't intended to go there, we had no guidebooks or maps or anything, so we just wandered around. As we were wandering, we kept noticing signs with arrows and the words "Senso Unico." "I wonder what this 'Senso Unico' thing is," one of us said, assuming that it must be some sort of tourist attraction. "Want to follow the signs and find out?," said the other. After walking around in circles for a bit, we realized that "Senso Unico" means "One-Way Street."
One evening at the dinner table I got mad at my younger sister and (in a fit of puffed-up self-righteousness) called her a low-class nigger. My mother was shocked.
I had gotten the impression that "nigger" meant "bad person" and completely missed the racial context.
Jules: My (= Eugene's) family spent some months in Italy in 1975 on our way between the Soviet Union and the U.S. My mother used to see these "senso unico" (one way) signs and think that if you followed the signs you would experience a unique feeling.
Brett A. Thomas: I figured out, based on various contexts, that "a few" meant 3, "a couple" meant 5 (!), "some" also meant 5, and "several" clearly meant 7.
Eugene: My experience was with the word "rue," which I got wrong on the PSAT. At the time, I didn't know A.E. Housman's "With Rue My Heart Is Laden," which would have given it away for me. But I did know two things: (1) The lines from "You Did It" ("My Fair Lady"): "I thought that you would rue it, I doubted you'd do it, but now I must admit it that succeed you did." (2) The lines from "The Lusty Month of May" ("Camelot"): "It's time to do a wretched thing or two, and try to make each precious day one you'll always rue." Based on this context, "rue" obviously meant "ruin."
Also, there was an episode of "The Brady Bunch" where one of the sons asks whether he can do something and the mother says "Of course not." But she said it so lovingly that I thought it meant "Yes." I knew at the time (I was maybe 5) it was counterintuitive, but I thought it was just one of those expressions that didn't make literal sense. Perhaps I even used it once in that sense.
When I was a little kid and heard radio commercials for a pharmacy, I assumed it was a store where farmers went to purchase seeds and tools and other farm supplies.
In church and Sunday school I heard words for various kinds of angels -- Seraphim and Cherubim -- so when singing Christmas carols for a long time I sang "Oh come little Sedorphim" (thinking that Sedorphim were simply another category of angels, probably assistants to the Herald Angels) rather than "Oh come let us adore Him."
Turns out she had encountered "erstwhile" many times in romance novels. Typically, these novels would describe "erstwhile lovers" or "erstwhile suiters." Apparently the former flames are always good guys, so she took erstwhile to mean "earnest and dependable."
Also, until just last year I'd always thought the numeric slang "69" referred to sex in general, rather than a specific type of sex.
Nonetheless, I and a friend of mine had read the book and couldn't figure out some of the terms used by Ellison, specifically "cunt."
Based on the context, I told my friend that it must be the past tense contraction for "cannot".
Fortunately, this understanding never made its way into any of my school papers.
This was in the early '70s. I wonder how many seventh graders today would be that ignorant.
Then, of course, there's the famous story of the tourist to Boston who asked someone where he could get "scrod."
I still say 'misled' as the past tense of 'misle' though mostly as a joke with my wife. I love misling others.
Every newscaster seems to believe that decimated means devastated.
My niece and nephew were afraid of sleeping together in the same bed for fear of contracting AIDS. This was resolved by informing them that it could only happen if they slept in the same bed naked.
A friend of mine asked his 10-year old girl whether she wanted to feed the new baby. She said "but I can't daddy, I don't have any boobs".
Two weeks ago in church, the pastor praised the actions of a man who "beat off" two Rottweilers who were attacking a small boy. After a bit of soul searching, I determined not to inform him of the other meaning of that phrase.
Why is it that we say, about a small child, that we are going to "put him down" for the night? I thought that was something you did to a horse with a broken leg.
I grew up in Idaho, learned to read as a young child, phonetically. I rarely, if ever, asked for a pronunciation of a word. And unless I used it aloud, no one knew what I thought the pronunciation was.
The most common way that Idaho posts those signs, is The deer picture, below that the phrase Deer Xing, and below that a distance like 5 miles.
In my mind as a child, I pronounced the word as "Zing" and always assumed it meant a zone or region. I was in my 30's before I found out that other people pronounced the word as "crossing". I still thing Zing whenever I see it.
Rather than a blow of mercy or the putting another out of his/her misery (Ku de gras), it is frequently offered up as, being hit by fat (Ku de Graa).
The questions of how, when, and whether to correct someone's mispronunciation--particularly when that someone is a boss--arises too often.
Presently does not mean at present.
Beg the question does not mean invite the question.
Orally does not mean verbally, *even though lawyers incorrectly use it that way*!!!!!
Enormity does not mean large.
It wasn't until I took a creative writing class in college that it was pointed out to me that I had been mispronouncing the word "MISLED" all those years. I still miss having that word, with it's extra connotations.
Sasha's story about "of course not" reminds me of the Spanish phrase "como no", which means "of course", but suggests the opposite. Does anyone know the source of the phrase?
Okay - here's one that I found amusing. There is a neologism "Eurabia" that was coined by some on the right to describe the demographic shift going on in Europe. It refers of course to the high incidence of Muslim immigrants. The term is obviously meant to be used tongue-in-cheek and has a sort of joking connotation associated with it.
Not being politically correct, I have been known to drop the word occasionally, and not so long ago did so on a chat. This fellow became intensely interested in the term and kept referring to ancient "maps" and places like Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Turns out he was a retired British Rail worker, and was completely convinced a geographical entity named Eurabia existed. In fact he was so convinced this was the case, he had actually been researching a variety of maps on the internet.
When I explained that it is in fact a neologism, he became quite incensed and told me I was talking nonsense. I then directed him to a quotation from Oriana Fallaci and suddenly he disappeared off the chat.
Another term which is little understood is the Irish gaelic term "craic" which has now made its way into english usage also and is employed as a kind of a slang term when referring to "boisterous chat" of the type one enjoys in pubs and such places.
A friend here in Canada told me a hilarious story about a buddy who used the term one night in a bar. He said something along the lines of - "I'm going to head over to Mary's place for some craic". A fellow Miller Lite enthusiast suddenly became wildly keen to come along too, under the assumption that the reference involved wild and available women :)
I've heard more than one person used "laconic" to mean "important" -- I have no idea where that one came from.
"Alleviate" does not mean to *cure*, but that's an understandable one.
"Peruse" is almost universally misunderstood.
Thanks to Alanis Morrisette, the entire frickin' world now equates "ironic" with "a bummer."
-Michael
Rush Limbaugh got into trouble because he railed about women farding in their cars, for the better part of two hours. Fard, apply makeup
Old joke; 4th grade teacher had an old fighter pilot come to talk to her class. He told many stories. One story he was relating a dog fight he was in, "This folker come from no where, I dove to avoid the folker but the folker found me again, I made a lot of evasive moves but the folker was always right there." at this point the teacher had to speak up and asked the speaker if he maybe would explain that a Folker was a type of air craft? HE said, "no this folker was a Mescherschmitt. (you have to read this out loud to make funny)
One of the most recent and amussing was the flap that arose about a govt official being excoriated at a meeting, because he accused some official of being niggardly. He was roundly put down for being a racist.
Ignorant v stupid. Ignorant=no knowledge of. stupid=unable to gain knowledge.
PIUS XXX
It is nip it in the bud, not butt, as in stop it before it is able to flower, re. reproduce
Celibate= not married, as in a catholic priest is celibate, we dont know if he is chaste.
For bonus points....What is immaculate conception?
There is a great scene in "Girl, Interrupted" where the audience experiences a sudden and dramatic shift in viewpoint. The mental-patient protagonist misuses "ambivalent" and is corrected by her doctor. Based solely on the misuse and gentle correction, the audience recasts the protagonist from "assertively in control" to "young and forlorn" and of the doctor from "antagonist authority figure" to "caring professional."
---
Patient: I signed myself in, I can sign myself out.
Doctor: You signed yourself into our care. We decide when you leave. You're not ready for it, Susanna. Your progress has plateaued. Does that disappoint you?
Patient: I'm ambivalent. In fact, that's my new favorite word.
Doctor: Do you know what that means, ambivalence?
Patient: I don't care.
Doctor: If it's your favorite word, I would've...
Patient: It means "I don't care." That's what it means.
Doctor: On the contrary, Susanna. Ambivalence suggests strong feelings in opposition. The prefix, as in ambidextrous means "both." The rest of it, in Latin, means "vigor." The word suggests that you are torn between two opposing courses of action. Will I stay or will I go? Am I sane or am I crazy?
Patient: Those aren't courses of action.
Doctor: They can be, dear, for some.
Patient: Well, then, it's the wrong word.
Doctor: No. I think it's perfect.
---
-Stephen
Other, less-related: people in general do not understand the question, "Is that a threat or a promise?" Folks seem to interpret it to mean that a "threat" is just bravado, a bluff, but that a "promise" is more sincere, as in, "I really mean it." I always have interpreted it -- and I believe my way makes more sense -- as a half-joking, double-entendre-ish response, in effect saying, "Ooh, is that supposed to be threatening? Because it sounds like I should be looking forward to it."
Also, despite common usage, "momentarily" does not mean, "in a moment," it means "briefly." When someone tells me, "I'll be there momentarily," I always have to stop myself from asking why they can't stay longer....
My wife always refers to a "mute point."
I often see the phrase written, "peaked my interest."
The war protesters, of course, would have nothing of the sort. They decided that the ninety day moratorium (temporary cessation or suspension) would instead be ninety days of intensified protest and argument, with teach-ins on college campuses, and for a while, the only meaning of "moratorium" that seemed to exist was "teach-in." As a result, right into the late 1980s, I would see TV journalists who grew up in that era occasionally use the word "moratorium" in rather the sense of "seminar" or "colloquiam." It just made my brain hurt to heart this. (Admittedly, these are journalists--not exactly the brightest crayons in the box.)
Oh yeah, my wife, when about nine, heard the word "prostitute" and thought it was a different pronounciation of "Protestant."
She had also never heard the expression "tube steak" to refer to something other a hot dog or sausage--leading to a rather amused reaction at a church picnic. Of course, everyone knew how innocent and sweet she was, so they figured out the cause of this faux pas.
Houston Lawyer - in Mississippi, "y'all" is quite properly used in the singular, prized for it's inclusiveness (meaning "you, and if you're so inclined anyone else you might feel is appropriate"). The proper plural form is "all y'all".
Of course, Texans aren't known for inclusiveness, labeling anyone who hales from a state that doesn't border the Gulf a "Yankee". My wife recently had a long discussion with a youngster from your neighborhood to explain the origin of that term, and the role of her ancestral home Virginia in the War of Northern Agression, after the youngster directed that term at her as an epithet. Clearly your schools need more standardized testing.
My own pet peeve: use of the word "irregardless".
Re: "chaste" above. As to priests it means not having sex at all; as to everybody else, though, it means not having sex outside of a marriage sanctioned [a word that, like cleave, also means its opposite] by the Church.
Context sometimes seems to spread improper usages. I hear the word "fulsome", misused to mean "full" or "thorough" much more often than the correct meaning of "offensively flattering or insincere".
A lot of us use "evidently" to mean "I'm not quite sure, but it seems to be the case that..." whereas it is synonomous with "obviously" or "clearly".
"Matriculate" is often used in lieu of "graduate".
Many people who use "notorious" and "notoriety" are unaware of the words' negative connotation.
"Arminian" (Jacob Arminius's theology) is often confused with "Armenian" (having to do with Armenia).
Although you are surely right on the definition of a Yankee, I agree that most folks around here would classify anyone residint North of Dallas in that category. And I certainly will yield to someone from the State of Mississippi on how to speak Southern, although there are many proper variations on that language. I had to travel to Lexington before I heard "your all's" used instead of "yall's".
I was born and raised as a young child in Berkeley during the early/mid 60's. Hitchhiking was of course very common at that time in that area.
When the family was travelling in the car, I would notice (when I wasn't too busy asking "are we there yet?") truck weighing stations on the side of the freeway - often in fairly isolated areas. The signs declaring a weigh station often (maybe always) had a smaller sign under them stating NO PICKUPS. This perplexed me for many years — after all, how would a hitchhiker get to these isolated stations? Although, I partially resolved that in my mind because there was no sign stating NO DROPOFFS so perhaps there was quite a supply of hitchhikers who had been dropped off — which made me somewhat uneasy as I wondered what happened when they ran out of food and water on since they could never be picked up.
It was only when I was in my 20's and was driving a particularly boring stretch of freeway which had a weigh station when I had a moment of enlightenment and realized that if I was driving a Ford 150 pickup truck, I wouldn't be required to stop at the weigh station. (Embarrassingly, it took me a few more years before I sorted out the "misled" thing - I'm glad to see I wasn't the only one misled by this.)
Ah, the twisty mind of a child...
Chastity, n.
1. The condition or quality of being pure or chaste.
2.
1. Virginity.
2. Virtuous character.
3. Celibacy.
I had a creative writing assignment shortly after that, and I wrote a poem about a knight. One of the lines mentioned the "senile castle walls."
My English teacher raved about my novel use of the adjective, and how it showed some clever dual meaning or something. I nodded, but it sounded wrong. Later, I looked up the word in a dictionary and realized I had been using it wrong.
I never did tell that English teacher that my novel use of the word stemmed from a misunderstanding of its definition . . .
Your memory may be playing you false regarding "gnarly". My understanding is that it was invented by the scriptwriters of HEATHERS (1989). They figured that it would be a year or two from scripting to release, so any real teenspeak they used would be obsolete by that time.
OTOH, the word appeared in 1939, in the title of the short story "The Gnarly Man" by L Sprague de Camp.
A recurring error that I keep seeing online is the use of "for all intensive purposes" by people who mean "for all intents and purposes", but have apparently never seen it in print.
That anecdote about Heathers is definitely apocryphal. "Gnarly" is used as teenspeak in Fast Times at Ridgemont High, which predates Heathers by around 7 years.
Neil-
I had the exact same experience with "erstwhile." LOL
Spicoli: "Oh, Gnarly!"
http://www.classicmovies.org/soundfasttimes.htm
In the same vein is the old cliche "It ain't paranoia if they really are out to get you." Um, yes it is. Paranoia is defined simply as the notion that others mean to persecute you or otherwise do you harm. Whether or not that's actually true is irrelevant to the meaning of the word.
See, this is part of Alanis's genius -- it's ironic that all the examples cited in the song are just unfortunate coincidences instead of instances of irony. Yeah, that's the ticket.
"Yes, we need increased accountability in schools. We need to raise the standards. But you don't have to do it in a way that disrespects teachers and literally throws the baby out with the bath water, which is what they're doing today."
http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110004606
When I was young, I interpreted the line
"where seldom is heard a discouraging word"
from Home on the Range this way: seldom is a kind of antelope common out west (why I thought this I don't know), it also has some other meaning that I'm not quite clear on, therefore it is a "discouraging word" since its meaning is ambiguous.
I also misinterpreted the line "they've got nothing but their genes" from the Different Strokes TV theme song as "nothing but the cheese", meaning a big smile (a la Gary Coleman). Not until after I was married did I figure out the right words.
Not sure I agree - paranoia requires delusion or irrationality.
Main Entry: para·noia
Pronunciation: "par-&-'noi-&
Function: noun
Etymology: New Latin, from Greek, madness, from paranous demented, from para- + nous mind
1 : a psychosis characterized by systematized delusions of persecution or grandeur usually without hallucinations
2 : a tendency on the part of an individual or group toward excessive or irrational suspiciousness and distrustfulness of others
The teacher took me aside, not able to determine whether I was being snarky or not (I had the reputaion somewhat, but this was above my head). I looked the word up afterward, and was probably still puzzled, but talked to no one.
Obviously, the two words were comingled because they were right by each other in whatever student dictionary I had.
"Grandaddy, when are we going home?"
"We're going home directly" = after a while, and certainly not directly.
I've seen it in print at "too-reckly," but I've never heard that pronunciation.
Joshua re: John Wismar
In the same vein is the old cliche "It ain't paranoia if they really are out to get you." Um, yes it is.
We say, "Sure I'm paranoid, but am I paranoid enough?"
I remember having a very prim, religiously conservative lab partner in 9th grade biology. Our assignment was to put a hydra under a microscope and draw it, labeling the parts and describing their functions. When we compared our drawings just before handing them in, I had to point out to her that she had labeled the tentacles "testicles" throughout. She blushed faster than I'd have thought possible for one so pale, and got really busy with the eraser.
(The odd thing is that hydras, according to our textbook anyway, really do have things called "testicles," when they get around to reproducing. But that structure wasn't where the arrow in her diagram was pointing.)